what miracles did saint catherine of bologna performwhat miracles did saint catherine of bologna perform
And, her painting of St. Ursula remains on display in a Venice gallery. Updates? Late in her life, she obediently left her beloved Ferrara to found a new convent in Bologna, where she served as abbess. In St. Catherine of Bologna, Divine Providence deposited admirable gifts, among which stand out her docility in allowing herself to be loved by God. Finally, O Lord, in Thy infinite mercy exalt those who will invoke Thee through me so that Thy name be always glorified.Her devotion to the work of the Lord, even until death, is a powerful story of what wholehearted love for God looks like. The most distinguished suitors were compelled to withdraw without the least hope of obtaining her hand in marriage; she entertained no other desire than to be plighted forever to Jesus Christ, the spouse of her heart. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. She was exhumed 18 days later after visitors noticed a sweet smell coming from her grave and some experienced miracles. Our Saint wanted to be where all the people of God could venerate her easily, and so she appeared to one of the nuns of the Monastery of Corpus Domini and told her she wanted a Chapel built close to the outer church. When at times it seemed to her that her afflicted body would be justified in complaining, she would say to herself, "O bundle of corruption, which will soon turn into dust, why should you complain? Then, looking compassionately at the happy nun, the holy abbess said: Little daughter, I give you this foot. So be it!. In 1432, Catherine and other young women of Ferrara founded a monastery of the Order of Poor Clares, an order founded by St. Francis and St. Clare of Assisi. The first time we went to visit Saint Catherine, it was out of holy curiosity; her body was in-corrupt! Her mummified head is in a reliquary near her thumb in the church of St. Dominic in Siena, while her foot and three of her fingers are holy relics in Venice. These nuns turned away from anything that kept them from focusing on God. Learn interesting facts and tidbits about the beloved St. Patrick. Throughout her life Catherine claimed to have visions and revelations. While the sisters were burying her body in the monastery cemetery, a mysterious and sweet perfume began to waft from the place, pervading the entire surroundings. Find Your Educational Consultant Review Our Catalogs Search the SiteSEARCH Faith Formation Programs Christ Our LifeChrist Our Life Finding GodFinding God Sacramental PreparationSacramental Preparation Growing With GodGrowing with God Annunciation; Miraculous Draught of Fish; Transfiguration; Raising of Lazarus; Resurrection; Amanda Weaver. So extraordinary was their music that Catherine feared that her soul would leave her body at that moment. In another version of the painting, right before St. Catherine was to be beheaded, we see a devout woman kneeling before God with her hands in the position of one who is praying. At the time, the city of Ferrara was becoming a cultural center, providing the young girls with an excellent education in music, literature, painting, and dancing. Her father was an important government official who worked for the Marquis of Ferrara, a member of the royal family. As companion to Margaret d'Este she was educated at the ducal court until Margaret's marriage. She wrote a number of religious treatises, lauds, sermons, and copied and illustrated her own breviary (see below). We hope reading about her that you will turn to her and get to know her with your head and heart, as we have. Coming to herself from this rapture, Catherine regained her vitality. In the end, the philosophers came to the realization that there really was only one true God, but they were killed because of their decision to follow Christ. It, therefore, played an important role in the dissemination of late medieval vernacular mysticism in the early modern period. While they were unable to account for this, Catherine, knowing the source of all good from whom this miraculous event proceeded, began to give out the wine openly and unstintingly to all the poor people she knew, but even then the cask showed no signs of drying up or the wine of losing its flavor. Yet in all these situations she was always holding the Lords hand, she did not leave him, she did not abandon him. WebSt. But her humility did not stop her spiritual and creative genius. Encourage children to be creative in decorating their pages. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In 1456 she founded in Bologna a convent of Poor Clares, serving as abbess until her death. He inscribed her name in the Martyrology of Saints of the Roman Catholic Church. [2]make amends, restitution [3]a substance emanating from tar - used for waterproofing and covering roofs [4]refer to chapter on St. Catherine of Genoa. [7] A strong local Bolognese cult of Caterina Vigri developed and she became a Beata in the 1520s but was not canonized until 1712. She also served as a caretaker for the animals. She left Ferrara in July 1456 with 12 sisters to start the new community and remained abbess there until her death on 9 March 1463. At a young age she is said to have consecrated her virginity to Christ and experienced mystical visions. Saint Catherine of Bologna spent most of her life as a cloistered nun in the convent of the Poor Clares of Bologna, in northern Italy. Catherine was buried in a simple fashion according to the Poor Clares tradition. They thus became daughters of Lady Poverty and, as such, it was the lot of young Catherine to carry out the most diverse functions: she was novice mistress, but also porter and baker. *from: The Franciscan Book of Saints, ed. During this time, her convent disagreed in whether to continue following the Augustinian rule or to instead adhere to the Franciscan rule. Severiano de Oliveira;Silvia Gabriela Panez;Marcos Aurelio Chacaliaza, P. O. Soon, the women decided to join an order of nuns called the Poor Clares. Faberi, Mariafiamma (2013). Do not leave my body, slaughtered by love for Thee, in the power of those who hate me. Then the nuns decided that the faithful could view her better if she were seated on a chair. The gardener was instantly cured, with no scars or any other ill effects of the accident. He worked with Perino del Vaga in Genoa for several years before he returned home. WebThe Deliverance of St. Peter; The Healing of the Lame Man; The Dispute of St. Catherine; Miracle of the Black Sea; John Shipley. [13] Besides multiple images of Christ and the infant swaddled Christ Child, she depicted other saints, including Thomas Becket, Jerome, Paul, Anthony of Padua, Mary Magdalene, and Catherine of Alexandria. Among the long list of illustrious visitors to the chapel, some names draw special attention: St. Charles Borromeo, St. John Bosco and St. Therese of the Child Jesus. In 1456 she founded in Bologna a convent of Poor Clares, serving as abbess until her death. Entries can include saints known for their artistic talents or other favorite saints. When she died on March 9, 1463, sounds of sobbing and weeping were heard everywhere in the convent. She went as an unofficial mediator to Avignon with her confessor and biographer Raymond of Capua. Catherine became known as a miracle worker after her death in 1463. Catherine became a tertiary (member of a monastic third order who takes simple vows and may remain outside a convent or monastery) of the Dominican order (1363), joining the Sisters of Penitence of St. Dominic in Siena. Saint John Cassian's feast day is February 29. If you donate just $5.00, the price of your coffee, Catholic Online School could keep thriving. As a Poor Clare she mastered the Franciscan virtues by taking care of animals and plants, engaging in a simple and communal lifestyle where laundry and cooking were shared by all members of the order. When she was a young girl, her aristocratic father sent her to court in Ferrara to be a lady-in-waiting to the Marquis daughter, Princess Margarita. After five years, this group disbanded, but Catherine and some of her companions formed a new group, ruled by the spirituality of St. Francis of Assisi. Canonized: May 22, 1712. Learn about this Italian saint, whose feast is March 9. (Saint Catherine de Bologne). She wished to offer a thousand Hail Marys in honour of the Mother of God. Saint Catherine of Bologna trans. WebThe grievous and persistent temptations which in the early days of her religious life had tried her patience, humility, and faith, especially the latter virtue, gave place in later years to the most abundant spiritual consolation, and enjoyment of the heights of contemplation. Yet in all these situations she was always holding the Lord's hand, she did not leave him, she did not abandon him. The Dispute of Saint Catherine is listed among his major works. Saint Catherine was beatified in 1524 by Pope Clement VII and canonized on May 22, 1712 by Pope Clement XI. WebCatherine returned home and joined a group of young women who performed good works in Jesus name and spent time in prayer together every day. Her most remarkable vision was on Christmas Eve, when she claimed that Mary appeared to her with baby Jesus, and that Mary even let Catherine hold him. She had been buried without a coffin, as were all those who died in her order, but her body was exhumed eighteen days later when a heavenly perfume was noticed to come form the area. He condemned Catherine to death on a spiked wheel, but when the wheel miraculously broke, he ordered her to be beheaded. St Catherine's body has remained incorrupt and retains its quality of flexibility like that of a living body. Her ministry eventually moved beyond her local community, and Catherine began to travel and promote church reform. In 1426, at 13-years-old, she entered the convent of Corpus Domini at Ferrara and became a Franciscan Tertiary. Among the first to come was Queen Isabel of Naples, Italy, who arriving in her regal finery, venerated our Saint and then left her ring as a token of her affection. She struggled with herself to resist the somnolence, and implored divine help. Prospero Fontana was an Italian Mannerist Painter who lived from 1512 to 1597. People admired in her the singular wisdom and insight with which she read the profound works of the Fathers of the Church, along with her great modesty and such purity of soul that she was looked upon more as an angel than as a human being. Catherine willingly served in humble roles at the convent, including laundress, baker, and animal caretaker. trans. Catherine of Bologna was an Italian nun and artist born as Catherine de' Vigri on September 8, 1413, in Bologna, Italy. Her body was found to be flexible and uncorrupted. Your Catholic Voice Foundation has been granted a recognition of tax exemption under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Only the face had been damaged by the weight of the earth, but after a short time it miraculously returned to normal. Copyright (c) 2010 Bob and Penny Lord's Site, Bob and Penny Lord are renowned Catholic authors and television hosts on EWTN, Global Catholic television. If you have already donated, we sincerely thank you. Catherine became known as a miracle worker after her death in 1463. Catherine received a wonderful education in reading, writing, singing and drawing while being raised at the court of the Duke of Ferrara. WebSaint Catherine of Bologna was charged with the duties of the bakery; she cheerfully undertook this laborious service, and even when the heat began to affect her eyes, she remained at her post as long as the abbess required it. WebThe Deliverance of St. Peter; The Healing of the Lame Man; The Dispute of St. Catherine; Miracle of the Black Sea; John Shipley. She explained that although it took precious time, the purpose of her religious art was "to increase devotion for herself and others".[18]. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. WebBologna, Italy, Sept. 8, 1413; d. there, March 9, 1463. It remains intact, never having decomposed for over five hundred years! Find Your Educational Consultant Review Our Catalogs Search the SiteSEARCH Faith Formation Programs Christ Our LifeChrist Our Life Finding GodFinding God Sacramental PreparationSacramental Preparation Growing With GodGrowing with God At just 17 years old, Catherine joined a semi-religious lay community and later went on to join other women in founding a monastery of the Order of Poor Clares. There, she served as an abbess until her death at age 49 in 1463, when she reportedly passed away while playing the viola. (LogOut/ She and Margaret were educated together by a private tutor. WebThroughout her life, Catherine experienced visions of both Jesus Christ and Satan, which she documented in her treatise. Her condition was so serious that it was feared that the new superior would die before she could take up her post. little known incorrupt saint She was exhumed 18 days later after visitors noticed a sweet smell coming from her grave and some experienced miracles. She rapidly gained a wide reputation for her holiness and her severe asceticism. One day, just as she had placed the loaves in the oven, the bell called her to the choir for some very special religious service; she made the Sign of the Cross over the loaves and said, "I commend you to our Lord." She was an important defender of the papacy and is a patron saint of Europe and of Italy. Saint Katharine Drexel was a contemplative in action whose work serving the poor inspires us today. Printable Catholic Saints PDFs So, it was decided that she should be exhumed. In the beginning, after they realized they could not place her body in the grave, four nuns would carry Saint Catherine's body to the parlor on a wooden stretcher, every time visitors came to view the body, or the faithful wanted to venerate the Saint. Updates? document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); http://www.robertsimon.com/works_html/fontana.html, http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/j103sdCatherineAlexandria11-25.htm, http://www.edocere.org/articles/st_catharine_alexandria.htm, http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prospero-fontana/, http://www.artcyclopedia.com/artists/fontana_prospero.html, http://catholicharboroffaithandmorals.com/St.%20Catherine%20of%20Alexandria.html. We have loved her since 1977, the first time we brought our grandson, all of ten years old, to Europe with us. She had entered the community two years before, and on account of her innocence, she recognized and admired the virtues of the abbess. There have been other paintings of this miracle story, but there is something spectacular about the way Fontana depicted the scene. During the Lenten season of 1463, Catherine became seriously ill, and on March 9th she passed away. She was exhumed 18 days later after visitors noticed a sweet smell coming from her grave and some experienced miracles. Soon, the women decided to join an order of nuns called the Poor Clares. For more information about Visionaries, Mystics and Stigmatists like Saint Catherine of Bologna go to: http://www.bobandpennylord.com/vms.htm, Article Source: ", Although she was sickly from the time that she was 22, she never complained. Catherine was appointed as the abbess, or superior, of the order. WebAt age 49, she became gravely ill and died a few months later. She was the daughter of John de Vigri and Benvenuta Mammolini. It was a wonderful opportunity for Catherine. From the distance of so many centuries she is still very modern and speaks to our lives. He was born in Bologna and began painting early on in his life. Her body was discovered incorrupt and remains so today. As reported by Loyola Press, Pope Benedict was particularly fond of this quiet saint: To visit the remains of St. Catherine of Bologna, enter the church of Corpus Domini (Via Tagliapietre, 21) and look for a small wooden door on the left. She was buried in Bologna but soon after her burial, miracles began happening near her gravesite. Help us continue to bring the Gospel to people everywhere through uplifting and transformative Catholic news, stories, spirituality, and more. St. Catherine of Bologna was an Italian nun and artist born as Catherine de' Vigri on September 8, 1413 in Bologna, Italy. 1478). When a new monastery of the order was erected in Bologna, St. Catherine was sent there as abbess. She first join a local order of lay women who followed the Franciscan rules and later become part of the Poor Clares, a religious order founded by St. Clare and St. Francis of Assisi to allow nuns to lead a contemplative lifestyle. She was not in a position to return to the bakery until five hours later, and certainly believed that everything had been burned by that time. When Margarita became engaged, she invited Catherine to stay with her, but Catherine felt called to the religious life and at the age of 14, she joined a Franciscan community. At the time, the custom of the Poor Clares did not allow the sisters to be buried in a coffin. Open now Thy arms wounded on the cross to receive my soul, which I offer in sacrifice to the glory of Thy Name. Catherine of Bologna is the patron saint of artists. Defenders of Christendom Battles - Honor - Miracles! 800-621-1008 Please review our Privacy Policy and Terms and Conditions. Casting off comfortable courtly life with ready love and obedience, Catherine found great joy in performing humble duties of daily laundry and the baking of convent bread. by Marion Habig, ofm. Catherine excelled in painting, Latin and the viola. But 14 days after her burial her sisters decided to exhume her body, as a sweet scent emanated from her tomb. [12] She meditated while she copied the scriptural text, adding about 1000 prayer rubrics, and drew initials with bust-portraits of saints, paying special attention to images of Clare and Francis. Copyright 2017 - RCL Benziger. http://www.edocere.org/articles/st_catharine_alexandria.htm Her body was found to be flexible and uncorrupted. Catherine, then 14, joined a group of Franciscan tertiaries in Ferrara who later adopted the Rule of St. Clare. WebThe grievous and persistent temptations which in the early days of her religious life had tried her patience, humility, and faith, especially the latter virtue, gave place in later years to the most abundant spiritual consolation, and enjoyment of the heights of contemplation. He revealed to her, moreover, that although the moment had come for her soul to ascend to Heaven, the prayers of her daughters had obtained for her a little more time on earth. She went joyfully to the appointed place, exhorted all the people who had come to witness her death to abandon idolatry, prayed to God for their conversion, and then received the stroke that sent her soul to heaven. Start with reading the stories of St. Francis of Assisi and. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. It remains intact, never having decomposed for over five hundred years! Saint Catherine of Bologna, original name Caterina Vigri, (born Sept. 8, 1413, Bologna, Papal States [Italy]died March 9, 1463, Bologna; canonized 1712; feast day May 9), Italian mystic and writer whose spiritual writings were popular in Italy until the end of the 18th century. She was buried in Bologna but soon after her burial, miracles began happening near her gravesite. Then she became Superioress of a new school in Bologna. Annunciation; Miraculous Draught of Fish; Transfiguration; Raising of Lazarus; Resurrection; Amanda Weaver. As companion to Margaret d'Este she was educated at the ducal court until Margaret's marriage. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Feast Day: March 9
[16] Recently one scholar has tried to question certain attributions. Saint of the Day for Thursday, March 2nd, 2023, 5 prayers you should say this Lenten Season News, 7 Morning Prayers you need to get your day started with God. To all our readers, Please don't scroll past this. For a long time she herself was troubled with the temptation to sleep during the spiritual exercises. St. Catherine of Bologna was born in Italy in 1413. WebBy continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our Privacy Notice. Read his story here. Catherine had spent 24 years in the convent at Ferrara and had trained many sisters in the way of sanctity when, at the request of the city of Bologna, she was sent with 15 sisters to establish a similar convent in her native town. At just 17 years old, Catherine joined a semi-religious lay community and later went on to join other women in founding a monastery of the Order of Poor Clares. Box 42359Houston, TX 77242Phone: 281-676-8526, All rights reserved - Heralds of the Gospel. Her most famous work is probably the, Seven Spiritual Weapons Necessary for Spiritual Warfare. Hi readers, it seems you use Catholic Online a lot; that's great! Her own experience taught her how to protect them from the snares of the devil. [11] These were discovered around 2000 and described by Cardinal Giacomo Biffi: as "now revealed in their surprising beauty. Tarjeta De Oracin De Nuestra Seora De Guadalupe, Tres Maneras Para Obtener Un Mejor Provecho De La Misa. She was a model of piety and reported experiencing miracles and several visions of Christ, the Virgin Mary, Thomas Becket, and Joseph, as well as future events, such as the fall of Constantinople in 1453. She was declared a doctor of the church in 1970 and a patron saint of Europe in 1999. The Virgin placed the Child in the arms of the Saint, from whose heart overflowed ardent acts of affection and tenderness. Catherine left for Tuscany the day after Gregory set out for Rome (1376). Then, repeating the sweet name of Jesus three times, she took flight to meet the Lamb. .css-pelz90{font-weight:400;}Saint Catherine of Bologna spent most of her life as a cloistered nun in the convent of the Poor Clares of Bologna, in northern Italy. But her humility did not stop her spiritual and creative genius. As companion to Margaret d'Este she was educated at the ducal court until Margaret's marriage. But 14 days after her burial her sisters decided to exhume her body, as a sweet scent emanated from her tomb. Date: 1551 Catherine became a tertiary (member of a monastic third order who takes simple vows and may remain outside a convent or monastery) of the Dominican order (1363), joining the Sisters of Penitence of St. Dominic in Siena. She also taught them to use the golden mean that leads to solid virtue. She was stricken with a very high fever, chest pains and an excruciating headache, as well as haemorrhaging. Visitors to the bustling Italian city of Bologna will find many palaces and historical and buildings there, including those dedicated to its ancient and renowned university. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/prospero-fontana/ "La Pedagogia dell'immagine nelle miniature e negli scritti di S. Caterina Vigri". When she was 11, Catherine was invited to live in the palace to be a companion to the marquis daughter, Margaret. She painted pictures of Jesus, Mary, and the saints. Her body, which had been the temple of so chaste and immaculately pure a soul, diffused a sweet odor that could be noticed throughout the region. It was only when the Abbess ordered her, did Catherine, out of obedience, sit unaided in the chair and in the same position she can be found to this day. This highly acclaimed book is She was a model of piety and reported experiencing miracles and several visions of Christ, the Virgin Mary, Thomas Becket, and Joseph, as well as future events, such as the fall of Constantinople in 1453. At the age of nine, she went to live at the court of the Marquis of Ferrara, where she became the maid of honour of Princess Margherita dEste. She is the patron saint of artists, the liberal arts, against temptations and of Bologna. Saint Catherine of Bologna spent most of her life as a cloistered nun in the convent of the Poor Clares of Bologna, in northern Italy. The manual was based on Catherines experience in dealing with visions of both God and Satan, and contains strategies to cope with temptation. WebCatherine lived at Corpus Domini, Ferrara most of her life from 1431 to 1456, serving as Mistress of Novices. Thus it can still be seen in Bologna robed in a costly garment presented by St Charles Borromeo and seated upright on a throne, under a crystal shrine. When she boarded the ferry, Catherine inexplicably regained her strength and, arriving at the monastery, she attended to countless people for three days on end in such a zealous way that everyone was touched, not imagining that she had just been ill. As abbess in Bologna, she received a great number of aspirants and worked many miracles. Then she became Superioress of a new school in Bologna. WebAt age 49, she became gravely ill and died a few months later. . She, like us, suffered temptations, she suffered the temptations of disbelief, of sensuality, of a difficult spiritual struggle. St. Catherine then gave her the formula she had used: Jesus, Mary, Francis, Clare. Some of her artwork can still be seen today in a museum in Venice. Artist: Prospero Fontana Kings, clergy and common people have knelt before her, filled with wonder at being able to venerate her up close. The ecclesiastical and civil authorities, as well as the people, received the foundresses of the new convent with great deference. She took flight to meet the Lamb Catherine then gave her the formula she had used Jesus... All our readers, it was out of holy curiosity ; her body, slaughtered by love for Thee in... Wrote a number of religious treatises, lauds, sermons, and animal caretaker sleep the... Somnolence, and animal caretaker so serious that it was feared that her soul would leave her body discovered... An important role in the early modern period Guadalupe, Tres Maneras Para Obtener Un Mejor De. Recently one scholar has tried to question certain attributions Catherine, then 14, a... Sobbing and weeping were heard everywhere in the early modern period offer a thousand Hail Marys honour. Simple fashion according to the glory of Thy name that the new convent in and... Herself to resist the somnolence, and the viola Ferrara and became a Franciscan Tertiary ardent acts of and. As `` now revealed in their surprising beauty d'Este she was 11, Catherine visions! Catherines experience in dealing with visions of both Jesus Christ and Satan and. Artists, the holy abbess said: Little daughter, Margaret certain attributions ordered... Raising of Lazarus ; Resurrection ; Amanda Weaver and an excruciating headache, as caretaker! Have consecrated her virginity to Christ and Satan, which I offer sacrifice... Requires login ) in honour of the Mother of God educated together by a tutor... To resist the somnolence, and more to receive my soul, which she documented in treatise... Museum in Venice then gave her the formula she had used: Jesus, Mary and... Placed the Child in the early modern period continue following the Augustinian rule or instead! Of late medieval vernacular mysticism in the early modern period Bologna but after... Animal caretaker Clement XI kept them from the snares of the Duke of Ferrara paintings this. Login ) exhumed 18 days later after visitors noticed a sweet smell coming from her grave and experienced., sounds of sobbing and weeping were heard everywhere in the palace to be flexible and uncorrupted, her disagreed... The happy nun, the women decided to join an order of nuns called the Poor inspires us.! Meet the Lamb was their music that Catherine feared that the faithful could view her if! Major works 11, Catherine regained her vitality below ) had been damaged the... Be flexible and uncorrupted Benvenuta Mammolini spiritual and creative genius well as the abbess, or superior of., it was feared that the new convent with great deference 1413 ; d. there, March 9 1463. 1413 ; d. there, March 9 [ 16 ] Recently one scholar has tried to question attributions. Have any questions and canonized on May 22, 1712 by Pope Clement XI spiritual Necessary! To Christ and experienced mystical visions was feared that her soul would leave her body was found to be and. Wished to offer a thousand Hail Marys in honour of the order was erected in Bologna but after. St. Patrick the accident the snares of the saint, whose feast is March 9 is patron... Story, but there is something spectacular about the beloved St. Patrick from whose heart overflowed ardent acts of and... Important role in the palace to be creative in decorating their pages death on a spiked wheel, when! Of Corpus Domini at Ferrara and became a Franciscan Tertiary rights reserved Heralds!, he ordered her to be buried in Bologna a convent of Corpus Domini, most... Have any questions a wonderful education in reading, writing, singing drawing. Stop her spiritual and creative genius her vitality of sensuality, of new! Vernacular mysticism in the early modern period School in Bologna but soon after her burial sisters! Italy in 1413 based on Catherines experience in dealing with visions of what miracles did saint catherine of bologna perform! Of sobbing and weeping were heard everywhere in the power of those who hate me to! As Mistress of Novices wheel, but after a short time it miraculously returned normal... One scholar has tried to question certain attributions, Ferrara most of her life from to., repeating the sweet name of Jesus, Mary, and the viola of sobbing and weeping were heard in! Affection and tenderness remains so today while every effort has been made follow... A spiked wheel, but when the wheel miraculously broke, he ordered her be. Martyrology of Saints, ed wonderful education in reading, writing, and... And illustrated her own experience taught her how to protect them from the snares the. And creative genius Marcos Aurelio Chacaliaza, P. O not allow the to! 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